In how many ways can 4 different books be arranged on a shelf so that the red book is next to the blue book?
A6
B8
C12
D16
E24
Explanation
Treat the red and blue books as a single unit; that unit can be internally arranged 2 ways. Now we arrange 3 items (the pair + 2 other books) in 3! = 6 ways. Total: 6 × 2 = 12.
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