The HOLOCAUST during WORLD WAR II involved the systematic murder of approximately how many EUROPEAN JEWS by Nazi Germany?

The Holocaust during World War II (1941–1945) involved the systematic murder of approximately 6 million European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators. This was carried out through mass shootings by Einsatzgruppen (particularly in occupied Soviet territories from 1941 onward), extermination camps with gas chambers (Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek), death marches, starvation and mistreatment in ghettos and concentration camps, and various other means. The Holocaust also targeted and killed millions of other victims — Roma/Sinti, Soviet POWs, Polish civilians, gay men, people with disabilities, political prisoners, Jehovah's Witnesses, and others. Total mortality from Nazi persecution across all groups is estimated at approximately 11 million people. The Holocaust is one of the most extensively-documented genocides in history and has substantially shaped subsequent international law (Genocide Convention 1948), Holocaust memory (Yad Vashem in Israel, US Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, and many others), and ongoing scholarly and public engagement.