World History · Semester B TEKS 20A-20D
HardImage
The INDEPENDENCE of INDIA and PAKISTAN (August 1947) had which specific features?
ALeft almost no documentary or archaeological trace in its own period, with surviving accounts consisting largely of later legendary material composed centuries after the supposed events.
BPrimarily a modern reinterpretation of a much older and geographically distinct tradition, with the modern framing bearing little resemblance to what participants would have recognized in their own period.
CPrimarily military in character, with little cultural or institutional influence beyond the immediate battlefield context, and no lasting effect on subsequent regional political arrangements.
DBritish withdrawal from India led to partition of British India into India (Hindu-majority) and Pakistan (Muslim-majority, initially with East and West wings on either side of India); massive.
Explanation
The independence of India and Pakistan (August 15, 1947 for India; August 14, 1947 for Pakistan) had specific features. British withdrawal from India led to partition of British India into India (Hindu-majority though secular in constitutional design under Nehru) and Pakistan (Muslim-majority under Muhammad Ali Jinnah, initially with East and West wings on either side of India — East Pakistan later becoming Bangladesh in 1971). Massive population movements followed — roughly 14 million people crossed the new borders (Hindus and Sikhs moving east into India, Muslims moving west into Pakistan) in one of the largest migrations in human history. Communal violence killed several hundred thousand to over a million people during and after Partition. And unresolved disputes (particularly over Kashmir, which triggered the first Indo-Pakistani War 1947–1948 and remains contested today) shaped subsequent South Asian conflicts (further Indo-Pakistani Wars 1965, 1971, and Kargil 1999).
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